Max Factor Advert in Woman

Woman - Max Factor Advert

• The patriarchal hegemonic representations of women can also affect men, there is a hegemonic ideology that men should be protective of their wife/ 'woman' and that they need to provide for her looks and for items around the house such as food, pressure that men needed to be the breadwinner of the home and also to be successful in providing income. As well as that, men should have a wife who is dependent on them and a wife that they can depend on for food, cleaning and children being cared for.

Theory

Feminist theory by bell hooks, she believes that feminism is trying to find the end of oppression of women and the patriarchal hegemony in society, it isn't a lifestyle it's a political movement and oppression and exploitation can vary from race and class - such as white, middle-class women in the west are less oppressed than black women from a post-colonial country.

Representation of women

• The hegemonic ideology of women wearing make-up to impress the man, represents the patriarchal society of the sixties.
• The woman is passive and the man is active, Berger's theory on women appearing and men are active. The woman is hardly moving appearing like a statue (looked at), whereas the man is moving towards her suggested by the multiple images (Barthes' semiotic codes - action code).
• The woman needs to wear make-up to maintain her beauty and femininity and impress her man, making her dependent on the man's acceptance and opinion.
• There is consumerism mentioned in the advert, 'now you can be sure of your beauty always', when you have this product, you will now definitely be beautiful.
• 'you're perfectly lovely again', 'lovely' for your husband. 'Beauty at a moment's notice' - justifies objectification, the woman's looks should be looked at, it only takes a 'moment' for her to be beautiful.
• The man in the suit connotes professionalism and importance, he is standing behind of her looking like he is controlling her and protecting her from other men perhaps.
• Objectification, Feminist theory by Zoonen and hooks, the man is looking at her and she is looking at herself in the reflection.
• 'Dashing out for an important date' - the use of this lexis suggests that anything to do with the husband is important.
• The use of lexis, 'invaluable aid to beauty!' suggesting the high importance of make-up and beauty is like aid.
• It is aspirational to the reader (primarily female) to wanting a product to look beautiful.
• The setting suggests that the woman maybe waiting at reception for the man, as a surprise after work - ideology that women should impress the man and be dependent on his opinions on her.
• The lexis, 'luxury', women shouldn't settle for anything less, the hegemonic ideology of women having to look their best as well as most of the typeface being serif, connoting sophistication.
• Lexis, 'softly', 'velvety', women are gentle and sensitive.
• She conforms to the stereotypes of women - make-up, dress, jewellery and hair.

Breeze Advert in Woman

Woman - Breeze Advert

Representation of women

• There is sexualised representation as the woman is naked.
• She is at a seated pose making her appear submissive - sexualised representation.
• She is covering up places which would of made her appear explicity sexualised, this is a coy with subtle sexual connotations.
• Her hands are open, she is making herself look 'welcoming'.
• She is pouting and is either blowing a kiss or bubbles.
• It is provocative.
• Conforming to the stereotype, with wearing make-up with lipstick further drawing attention to her lips, and eyeshadow - this makes her appear flirty.
• Her hair is slightly messy, making her not look completely 'perfect' making her look playful (this playfulness is further seen in the bubbles) and suggestive.
• The soap being advertised is seen all over her body - brings attention to her body further and objectifies it.
• With lack of background, no suggestion to where she is and further attracts attention to her body.
• The tone of the lexis, 'because you're a woman', the reader (primarily women) will believe they need this soap to justify their womanliness and also the ideology of men not being concerned about it. The use of the colloquial term of endearment, 'darling' sounds like the husband - patriarchal and dictatorial.
• Reinforces ideology of women being sensitive and gentle, 'you need a soap that will show you kindness'. And, 'all over feminine' suggests uniform, women must be feminine and this soap will make you feminine, this is a hegemonic norm of women.
• The advert is feautured in the magazine 'Woman' it is a singular - there is only one woman/an ideology that is the standard all women should follow.
• It assumes only women are concerned about feeling fresh and being treated 'kindly' - making them dependent.
• Aspirational image.

Magazine Industry

The Devil Wears Prada - Magazine Industry

• Anna Wintour is considered to be iconic in the magazine industry because she has been editor-in-chief for Vogue since 1988 and publisher since 2013.
• The film supports the following myths about the industry such as the main character, Andy, who gets the job without knowing who the head is or having interest in fashion. 
• Ways in which the magazine industry is now different since then is the technology has advanced and many magazines can also be found to be digital, and also social media use has increased.
• I have learnt from this film that the magazine industry is fast paced and parts of the magazine are perfected carefully.

Magazine Analyses

Magazine Analyses

Film Stories

• The name of the magazine is 'Film Stories', the genre of the magazine is films and movies.
• The target audience of the magazine is adults who are interested in films, the cost of the magazine is £5.99, with monthly issues. They are mostly subscription based.
• The masthead of the magazine is covered, readers who always read the magazine will already know the name. It is bold, capitalised, sans-serif, and in the colour white which creates the effect of modernity. The design colours are primarily blue and white, the text and jacket matches with the background of the composition - this could suggest the colours used in a recent film he's in. The design of the magazine is clean and somewhat simple, further making it look modern and perhaps professional. 
• The coverlines and the lexis used all link to films with some rhetorical questions which the reader will want to know, 'St Trinian's the reboot that deserved more love?' - readers may agree of disagree, 'Cinema Advertising how does it actually work?' - readers are interested in film may also go to cinemas and wonder that, the lexis 'actually' suggests the reader doesn't know the truth.
• The suggested main article is about the writer and director on the front cover, Adewale, who talks about the films he has worked on and what his plans are, 'Farming, Lost, Suicide Squad and getting a film made'. He is also wearing a suit on the front cover making him appear that he is important.
• The key representation on the magazine is that the writer and director is a black man, which goes against most typical magazines which mostly feature white men.
• The production values are low, as the magazine is only on 'Issue 10' and is a fairly new magazine and also the main image is quite low quality compared with higher budget magazines. The ideological values are that it can be considered a niche magazine topic.

tes

• The name of the magazine is 'tes', the genre of the magazine is careers specifically about working in education.
• The target audience are adults working as teachers in schools and education. The cost of the magazine is £2.90, with weekly issues.
• The masthead of the magazine is serif and black, making it professional, however some of the serifs feature red, green and blue commas and quotation marks this can also relate to education. The colours used within the magazine cover are bold and simple colours such as, blue, red, yellow, pink. The magazine is different from other popular magazine as it doesn't feature a person as the main image, this magazine features a large red tick. 
• The lexis used are direct address to teachers 'I gave up marking... you should too' One teacher's life-changing decision' and rhetorical questions, 'Could ditching the 'outstanding' grade be good for schools?' 
• The key article is about marking being given up by a teacher and why they think other teachers should do too, this creates enigma for the reader as they may think whether they should also give up on marking.
• The key representation featured on the magazine is perhaps the representation of what teachers need to do.
• The production values of the magazine, might be quite high because of how organised and professional the magazine looks and also the magazine has been running for over 100 years.

Media Magazine

• The name of the magazine is 'Media Magazine', the genre of the magazine is everything to do with media. 
• The target audience are teachers of media and students of media. The cost of the magazine is subscription - 4 times a year, it is £25 or £10 for students. 
• The masthead of the magazine is 'Media' is full opacity and 'Magazine' is more faded, it is also sans-serif font, it makes the design more simple and modern. The colours used are blue, white and red, creating a simple colour scheme. There isn't a main image, only lots of images of the page.
• The lexis used in the coverlines, which are found on the centre of the page, include content that students would learn.
• The main article suggested from the front cover is 'FCUK ads and Trevor' as it is the largest topic.
• The production values of the magazine might be low as it doesn't follow the typical conventions of most magazine as it has the coverlines in the centre and there is a collage of images surrounding it.

Woman - Alfred Hitchcock Article.

Woman - Alfred Hitchcock Article

• The content of the article talks about 'the mystery of British women' and how Hitchcock believes that the ideology of women to look a certain way, for example the lexis used, 'represented ideally the cool, tantalizing British - or Nordic - type of beauty I look for in my actress'. And also the ideology of women having to be married and to be a good wife, 'prowess as a cook never wavered and I'm convinced that one of the first signs of indifference in a wife is when her cooking suffers'. He believes that he has made women successful, making it appear that women are nothing without men.
• The interview reflects the representation of women in 1964 as being dependent of men, being housewives and taking care of children and their husbands. In the magazine we see women being objectified like in the article about Alfred Hitchcock, 'Perhaps it's because I'm a such a happily married man that I can look at women quite objectively, without letting emotion clutter up the view'. However nowadays women can be seen as being successful and independent in lots of modern media, although there are still objectification of women (Zoonen's Feminist theory). 
• The article confirms patriarchal hegemonic ideologies of women from the way Hitchcock refers to the women in the article, in the previous points mentioned.

Reinforcing hegemonic norms – constructing representations of femininity

• The messages about female identity that are encoded in to Woman magazine is the ideology of women having to look after their looks. This links to men acting and women appearing and also the patriarchy hegemony of society at the time.
• The target audience of this magazine is 25-45, working class/middle class heterosexual housewives. The impact this magazine can have on them feeling aspirational, they feel like they need to look a certain way and family look a certain way, they feel like they also need to please their husband.
• The functions the Woman magazine has is to read or see something that is happening relating to the target audience's interests, for entertainment and also to see what products or things they need or need to do.
• The potential advantages for reinforcing hegemony notions of gender in a primarily female reader base are profit, women will see the advertisements or products mentioned that the magazine deems as necessary and they will buy it. And also reproduces the ideology and women believing that they need to look a certain way and be a housewife.

How is the representation of women constructed in the Alfred Hitchcock interview?

In the Alfred Hitchcock interview featured in the Woman's magazine, the representation of women that is constructed is the patriarchal hegemony of society in the 60's and the ideologies of women having to look and act a certain way, while staying under control of men; this links to Hall's representation theory by using stereotypes of women in the sixties. For example, the lexis used within the interview when Hitchcock mentions his wife, he describes the ideology and stereotype of women usually being the cook, 'prowess as a cook never wavered and I'm convinced that one of the first signs of indifference in a wife is when her cooking suffers', this links to women being housewives especially in the early sixties. The representation of women constructed as appearing, in Berger's book he mentions that men act and women appear, 'represented ideally the cool, tantalizing British - or Nordic - type of beauty I look for in my actress', the lexis 'look for' makes it sound like they are only viewed as good actors for only their looks, another example of women being represented as objects is, 'Perhaps it's because I'm a such a happily married man that I can look at women quite objectively, without letting emotion clutter up the view', the objectification of women links to Zoonen's feminist theory of women in the media, they are usually seen as weak and vulnerable and also sexualised. The imagery used in the spread, such as the mid-shot image of the actress 'Grace Kelly', represents the ideology of women having to look a certain way this may make the readers believe that they should look and act in that way; the anchorage of this image and context of the article. The use of Bathes' semiotic code theory, the hermenuetic code is pull quote from Hitchcock, 'They're like snowcapped volcanoes' and the referential code is Alfred Hitchcock, a famous director, and also Strauss' structuralism theory included in the article, the binary opposition used is the article is talking about women because it isn't talking about men. Overall, the article represents women as having to appear and act like a housewife while maintaining her looks in a patriarchal society in the 60's.

Woman - Media Set Product 7

Woman Magazine Set Text

Context

• 1964, week ending 29th August.
• In 1964, the context, there was a Beatlemania (cultural revolution of art, music and film), JFK Assassination (Camelot, which gave hope) In the 50's the saying was 'make to and mend', however in the 60's it was spend rather than save. Known as the Swinging Sixties, it was care-free, 'Shop and Spend'- Curran. There was a sexual revolution (introduction to the pill) and female liberation (freedom of fashion for women - trousers). Women's Marriage Act.
• IPC 1937-present, the magazine became very popular post-war, 3 million copies a week in the 60's. 

Front Cover and how it represents women

• Patriarchal society, men still seemed important in the magazine.
• Pull-quote, Alfred Hitchcock (famous film director).
• 'World's greatest weekly for women' - aspirational to the demographic - WC to MC women 25-50.
• Women would read this magazine because they want to improve their life. 'Seven star improvements for your kitchen', 'lingerie goes lively', 'Are you an A-level beauty?' (rhetorical question).
• Superficial representation of women - beauty and looks, and also sexualised. The sexualisation is further seen in the Breeze advert. 
• Lexis used creates a hermenuetic code of the pull-quote 'British women have a special magic'.
• The main image used of the woman uses direct eye contact to the reader, direct address. She appears to look friendly (smile), young and looks like she looks after herself (ideal woman - this is homogeneous of what is beautiful). The lexis, 'special magic', the anchorage of this and the image. 
• There is an inclusivity to the title and how to be a good woman - all the answers here. Ideology of what the best kind of woman is, this links to the insecurity of women.
• Men Act, Women Appear. Women are to be looked at, found from the coverlines links to the superficiality of representation.  
• The ideological hegemony and status quo.

Woman then and Woman now

• The latest issue of Woman features a celebrity in the front cover, there is also more diversity on the front.
• There are still superficial representation, such as 'Family friendly recipes' from Slimming World and 'The last minute diet lose 4lb in 4 days!' linked to losing weight and the pug for Bonmarché, a clothing shop. However you could argue that it has moved on from the magazine in the 60's, of women not having to have children, 'We're happier being child free', 'It's our choice' and a coverline of becoming a 'global star' and being successful. 
• The main image of the woman compared with the 1964 cover, she doesn't look as young, may appeal to women in the older end of the demographic.
• Could argue that women still need men, 'Is her new man behind her smile?' however, 'her new man' suggests change from what might be usually known as 'his woman'.

Magazine Analysis

Magazine Analysis

• The layout of the magazine includes the model in this case a celebrity, being the dominant image, the left third includes coverlines that are more important as this is what the reader will see first. 
• The composition of the masthead 'Vogue' is not clearly visible because it is already a well-known magazine. The coverline of 'Queen B! Beyoncé rules the world' is in the left third so the reader will be able to know who the celebrity is before looking at it. It is also an intertextual reference to one of her songs. 
• The fonts used is a serif font for 'Vogue', which connotes sophistication. The rest of the magazine uses sans-serif font, to perhaps make it look modern and clearer to see. It could also try to gain a wider audience of younger women to older women. The colours used are white, black and red making the text also seem sophisticated.
• Beyoncé is from a mid-shot, and is giving direct eye contact to the reader - this is direct address.
• The mise-en-scene, includes lighting that suggests it was professionally taken in a studio, she is wearing a black and white dress, which fits with the style of the magazine as the text are in a similar colour. She is wearing make-up and has her 'done'. This makes Beyoncé appear aspirational, to other women. She also conforms to the stereotypes of women by wearing make-up and a feminine dress.
• The magazine includes a banner over the masthead, 'Power 2013', this may make the reader feel to have the best year they need to read the magazine. The lexis used in the coverlines can also be aspirational, the reader will want to read to have the qualities the magazine says. For example, 'strong and sexy', 'shockingly chic', 'simple, sleek, elegance'. The magazine also includes things that the target audience will be interested, as Vogue is a fashion-lifestyle magazine, 'suits', 'accessories', 'New looks for night!', 'How to repair winter-damaged skin'. 
• The copy of the magazine is at the bottom right of the masthead, 'Mar', it is a March edition, which means spring fashion, '618 pages of spring surprises'.
• The target audience is women 20-40, who are successful and are interested in fashion and beauty.
• Anchorage with the coverline, 'Beyoncé' and the image of Beyoncé.
• The elements of narrative used in the magazine is the idea of being successful, this could link to Levi-Strauss' structuralism theory of binary oppositions we can see she is successful because she isn't seen as being unsuccessful.
• The theory of Barthes' semiotics is that the coverlines feature hermenuetic codes, the reader will read them and will want to find out more. The cover line, 'rules the world', if the reader know who she is will understand it.
• It goes against Zoonen's feminist theory of women being sexualised and weak in media, for example the coverline, 'sensitivity training', 'Gabrielle Cliffords fighting for gun control'. 'Phoebe Philo the woman behind the cult of Céline'.
• The referential code, of the cover line, 'Phoebe Philo the woman behind the cult of Céline', readers who are a fan of Vogue will like fashion and know what Céline is.

Key Assessment 2 Newspapers

Key Assessment 2 Newspapers

1- 

The Times and its media producers constructs the ideology of the audience deciding what political leaning they should have from the paper's neutral stance, giving an un-biased article. For example the front page gives no heavy indications of being left or right wing, by only stating what happened to May and the current negotiations on Brexit. The article talks about May failing to meet deals with the European Union to leave, and members of parliament disagreeing on what she is doing. The newspaper gives as many people's point of view without giving too much bias.

The Daily Mirror and its media producers constructs the ideology of the audience having a left-wing stance by portraying May poorly. For example, 'PM loses key vote again' and 'chaos', the lexis used suggests that the paper believes that May is making 'chaos' from losing the 'key vote'. This is further seen as the small image of May is placed near the bottom, showing the insignificance of her compared to the 'Eastenders' story as the image is slightly larger. May was the prime minister at the time, with making deals on Brexit. The newspaper gives mostly one side of the story, and not much of the oppositions' arguments.

The similarities of representation in both newspapers, using Zoonen's feminist theory, which is that women in the media are usually portrayed as sexualised, being weak and vulnerable. On The Times' front cover it shows a large image of May in her car seen as she is emotional after her loss. This further proves that May is portrayed as being vulnerable and emotional. In The Daily Mirrors' front page, the image of her is small and her loss is being criticised, as well as that there is an image of 'Haley' from 'Eastenders' who has been 'glassed by thug', she is also seen as being vulnerable. However it could be argued that The Daily Mirror doesn't follow what many other tabloid do of sexualising women. 

The differences of representation with both newspapers is that The Times represents as being a more traditional and sophisticated newspaper and as a broadsheet. As the name suggests history and the logo is seen as patriotic, this may come across as being slightly right-wing. However The Daily Mirror represents as being less sophisticated and as a tabloid, the masthead is more modern compared with The Times. The Times' audience are middle-class, with ABC1 jobs. Whereas The Daily Mirror are working-class, with working-class jobs.

In conclusion, the ideological perspective of the producer of the The Times' is believing that the audience can believe and decide what side they should be on. On the other hand, The Daily Mirror's ideological perspective from the producer is disagreement of May and her policies, it is seen as being left-wing.

2a-

Conglomeration is the process of large companies owning smaller companies (subsidiaries).

2b-

A potential issue of conglomeration is that it makes larger companies harder to control and mostly only show one voice and ideology, making it not diverse in views. Another potential issue is dealing with rules and regulations of companies, as they may cross some lines of whether the article is seen as appropriate or not.

2c-

The effectiveness of regulation of the newspaper industry is seen as somewhat effect and somewhat not. For example, there was a phone hacking scandal with News Of The World, where particular members would hack into celebrities or victims' phones to put into articles, which invaded people's privacy causing huge issues for the company after being caught and therefore making the Independent Press Standards Organisation (IPSO) to create harsher regulations. This shows that before they were caught the regulations may have not been as effective as they thought. 

Another example is the recent resignation of Harry and Meghan of royalty, seen as to be caused from one of the issues of a private letter from Meghan to her dad being put into an article of a national newspaper. The regulations placed only show what you can and can't do, which is effective however it doesn't show what you should and shouldn't do, causing privacy and ethical issues.

Newspaper Regulation

Newspaper Regulation

Theory - Regulation - Livingstone and Hunt

• Regulation is the laws, rules and standards in order to protect people. An example is, laws in society and school rules. And again, regulation is needed in order to protect people from potentially harmful content.

• There are regulatory frameworks for particular media products such as BBFC, PEGI, IPSO and PCC.
• IPSO - Independent Press Standards Organisation.

• The issues and concept of conglomeration can affect regulation of newspapers as it can be very difficult to enforce regulation as these large conglomerate companies also own subsidiaries, making it harder to regulate.
• The further issues of regulation in the 21st century and in the digital age is the privacy, ethics and where the line crosses.
• Can and can't - Law.                                                                                                         Should and shouldn't - Standards/ethics.

Other media products

• OFCOM (Office of Communications) - A regulator and competition authority for the UK communications industries.
• BBFC (British Board of Film Classification) - They give age ratings to movies and TV shows, to protect younger audiences from seeing content not suitable to them. The issues with this is places such as online streaming with no age rating.
• PEGI (Pan European Game Information) - They give age ratings to video games, to protect younger audiences from playing harmful games. The issues with this is young audiences still access high age rating games.

Outside

• PCC (Press Complaint Commission) - They provide services for the public to write complaints about news articles found in the news, newspapers and magazines. Not much funding is givenand some articles can be close to breaking rules but don't.

Examples

• Daily Mirror - Women's messy bedrooms.
• News of the World - Phone hacking and tapping.
• Prince Harry and Meghan Markle resigning due to privacy issues - newspaper used a private letter from Meghan to her dad. 

Newspaper Industry

The Newspaper Industry

Conglomerate - It is a large company which owns smaller companies.
Subsidiary - It is a smaller company owned by a large company.

An example of a newspaper that is a conglomerate is The Times owning The Sunday Times and also Reach plc, which owns a range of newspapers. An example of newspaper subsidiaries are The Times and The Sun owned by News Corp.

The issue of conglomerates owning multiple media companies in different industries is that it gives them more control and power, this links to the theory by Curran and Seaton - Power and Media Industries. This also causes lack of diversity, manipulation and can be uncontrollable compared to the power they have with their influence of their ideologies. This can make other people's ideas and beliefs harder to hear and find and other 'We Media' and other individual producers, which is much more diverse.


The Daily Mirror is owned by Reach plc.  
The CEO of Reach plc is Jim Mullen but previously owned by Robert Maxwell.  
Reach plc is a conglomerate and its subsidiaries are The Daily Mirror and its subsidiaries, Daily Express, Daily Star and so on.

The Times is owned by News Corp.
The owner of News Corp is Rupert Murdoch.
News Corp is a conglomerate and its subsidiaries are The Times, The Sun, Fox, Sky and their subsidiaries and so on.